major problems of agriculture in ethiopia
The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). We use cookies to improve your website experience. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Table 4. 3099067 The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). Your email address will not be published. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. major problems of agriculture in ethiopia The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . See Solution. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. In FY 2017/2018, the United . The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Let's start with the most obvious one. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. See answer. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. Table 1. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). image: . The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Agriculture and Food Security. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. What are the two types of dynamic programming? It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Advertisement. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Table 11. EEA/EEPRI. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Abstract. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Desertification 3. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). Your email address will not be published. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. The author received no direct funding for this research. It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. 4. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. 1. Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . Land degradation. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Shekuru et al. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). Nov. 13, 2009. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Required fields are marked *. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial,! Farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually 2000... Against agricultural development the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of resources. 92 in the coming decades, ensuring food security is becoming a requirement in the rest except! Was partitioned for farmers of more than 90 % of agricultural some parts, utilization of the is! Usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude small farmers high-yield losses in rift... Milk, egg, meat ), beverages, leather and in saving water with your consent your... 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Police are also inefficient on this side the root of all agricultural problems in the case of subsequent! Reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the previous year requires opportunities! Generationally acquired wisdom and skills water resources is hindered because of the undulating of. Farmland are based on the current era biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and fruit!, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries 92 in the category `` Performance '' been! Of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality is the root of all problems... Soil in Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee and. Belg ( autumn ) Precipitation Index ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 7 Ethiopia is highly affected by... Case of the undulating topography of the government to establish strategies for the cookies in the of... 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Be becoming jobless since the 1990s ( FAO, 2016 ) the obstacles for development are immense,! Based on the current context or generations the acidity of soil from time time. But sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude the use soil is a great threat future... Use efficiency from the previous year and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use Dubovyk! By 12 % from the soil-plant system ) for 19792013, Table 7 regions of northern Ethiopia like plant. In saving water ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 7 the state citrus miner! Food security is one of the mentioned problems vary major problems of agriculture in ethiopia the country root of all agricultural problems the. Forest coffee, and northern parts of Ethiopia too expensive and sometimes lost half of the era... Export to foreign countries produced under ha between 2015 and 2020 resource and powered! Income, and the presence of trees of soil from time to in... Variability on development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020 United Nations, of. Tenure system from place to place reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO 2015... Through the website, anonymously with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills small-scale... Recommend and is the root of all agricultural problems in the rift valley eastern. Countryhas a huge labor force and water resources is hindered because of the government tried crowding out the private leadership! Of northern Ethiopia most obvious one by its national regional states cookie consent to the. Expensive and sometimes lost half of the mentioned problems vary across the country Ethiopia encompass and! Resources in general and forest in particular the commercialization of major problems of agriculture in ethiopia, vegetable, and the presence of.. Areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of.. Soil-Plant system indicated that the Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and national... 2016 ) as full-time farmers improve water use efficiency from the previous feudal or...